Form | Concept | Segments |
---|---|---|
Place → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | ||||||||||||||||||||||
↓ Manner | Bilabial | Labiodental | Linguolabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Retroflex | Alveolo- palatal |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal / Epiglottal |
Glottal | |||||||||||||
Nasal | m m̩ | n n̩ | ɲ | ŋ ŋ̍ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Stop | p pʰ | b | t tʰ | d | kʰ k | g | q | ʔ | ||||||||||||||||||
Sibilant affricate | tsʰ ts | dz | ʈʂʰ ʈʂ | ɖʐ | tɕʰ tɕ | dʑ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Non-sibilant affricate | bv | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibilant fricative | s | z | ʂ | ʐ ʐ̩ | ɕ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Non-sibilant fricative | ɸ | f | v̩ v | ʝ | x | ɣ | h | |||||||||||||||||||
Approximant | l | j | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Flap or tap | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Trill | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral affricate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral fricative | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral approximant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral flap | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Implosive |
²⁴ | rising from-mid-low to-mid-high tone |
³³ | flat from-mid to-mid tone |
⁵⁵ | flat from-high to-high tone |
w | voiced labio-velar approximant consonant |
²¹ | falling from-mid-low to-low tone |
ei | from unrounded close-mid front to unrounded close front diphthong |
⁴⁴ | flat from-mid-high to-mid-high tone |
⁵³ | falling from-high to-mid tone |
¹³ | rising from-low to-mid tone |
ao | from unrounded open front to rounded close-mid back diphthong |
ai | from unrounded open front to unrounded close front diphthong |
³¹ | falling from-mid to-low tone |
³² | falling from-mid to-mid-low tone |
⁵¹ | falling from-high to-low tone |
²² | flat from-mid-low to-mid-low tone |
³⁴ | rising from-mid to-mid-high tone |
⁴³ | falling from-mid-high to-mid tone |
⁴⁵ | rising from-mid-high to-high tone |
³⁵ | rising from-mid to-high tone |
⁴² | falling from-mid-high to-mid-low tone |
au | from unrounded open front to rounded close back diphthong |
eĩ | from unrounded close-mid front to nasalized unrounded close front diphthong |