Form | Concept | Segments |
---|---|---|
Place → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | ||||||||||||||||||||||
↓ Manner | Bilabial | Labiodental | Linguolabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Retroflex | Alveolo- palatal |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal / Epiglottal |
Glottal | |||||||||||||
Nasal | m ˀm m̩ | n ˀn n̩ | ˀɲ ɲ ɲ̊ | ŋ̍ ŋ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Stop | pʰ p | b | t tʰ | d | kʰ k | g | ʔ | |||||||||||||||||||
Sibilant affricate | ts tsʰ | dz | tʃ tʃʰ | ʈʂ ʈʂʰ | ɖʐ | tɕʰ tɕ | dʑ | |||||||||||||||||||
Non-sibilant affricate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibilant fricative | s | z | ʂ | ʐ̩ ˀʐ ʐ | ɕ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Non-sibilant fricative | f f̩ | v̩ v ˀv | ʝ | x | ɣ | h | ɦ | |||||||||||||||||||
Approximant | l ˀl | j | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Flap or tap | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Trill | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral affricate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral fricative | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral approximant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral flap | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Implosive |
⁵⁵ | flat from-high to-high tone |
¹³ | rising from-low to-mid tone |
²¹ | falling from-mid-low to-low tone |
w | voiced labio-velar approximant consonant |
³³ | flat from-mid to-mid tone |
e̤i | from breathy unrounded close-mid front to unrounded close front diphthong |
ao | from unrounded open front to rounded close-mid back diphthong |
ai | from unrounded open front to unrounded close front diphthong |
a̠i | from retracted unrounded open front to unrounded close front diphthong |
⁴⁵ | rising from-mid-high to-high tone |
ou | from rounded close-mid back to rounded close back diphthong |
ɛo | from unrounded open-mid front to rounded close-mid back diphthong |
⁵³ | falling from-high to-mid tone |
au | from unrounded open front to rounded close back diphthong |
²² | flat from-mid-low to-mid-low tone |
ei | from unrounded close-mid front to unrounded close front diphthong |
²³ | rising from-mid-low to-mid tone |
²⁴ | rising from-mid-low to-mid-high tone |
a̠o | from retracted unrounded open front to rounded close-mid back diphthong |
eo | from unrounded close-mid front to rounded close-mid back diphthong |
⁵² | falling from-high to-mid-low tone |