Form | Concept | Segments |
---|---|---|
Place → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | ||||||||||||||||||||||
↓ Manner | Bilabial | Labiodental | Linguolabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Retroflex | Alveolo- palatal |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal / Epiglottal |
Glottal | |||||||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Stop | p | b | tʰ t | d | c | kʰ k | g | q | ||||||||||||||||||
Sibilant affricate | ts tsʰ | ⁿdʑ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-sibilant affricate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibilant fricative | s | ç | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-sibilant fricative | x | ɣ | h | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Approximant | l | j | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Flap or tap | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Trill | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral affricate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral fricative | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral approximant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral flap | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Implosive |
¹⁵ | rising from-low to-high tone |
¹³ | rising from-low to-mid tone |
³¹ | falling from-mid to-low tone |
⁵⁵ | flat from-high to-high tone |
³³ | flat from-mid to-mid tone |
au | from unrounded open front to rounded close back diphthong |
³⁵ | rising from-mid to-high tone |
ie | from unrounded close front to unrounded close-mid front diphthong |
ai | from unrounded open front to unrounded close front diphthong |
ou | from rounded close-mid back to rounded close back diphthong |
iu | from unrounded close front to rounded close back diphthong |
w | voiced labio-velar approximant consonant |
ia | from unrounded close front to unrounded open front diphthong |
ui | from rounded close back to unrounded close front diphthong |
ei | from unrounded close-mid front to unrounded close front diphthong |