Form | Concept | Segments |
---|---|---|
Place → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | ||||||||||||||||||||||
↓ Manner | Bilabial | Labiodental | Linguolabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Retroflex | Alveolo- palatal |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal / Epiglottal |
Glottal | |||||||||||||
Nasal | m ˀm | n ˀn | ɳ | ȵ ˀȵ | ŋ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Stop | ⁿp p ⁿpʰ pʰ | ⁿb | t ⁿt ⁿtʰ tʰ | ⁿd | ʈ ⁿʈ ʈʰ | ⁿɖ | ⁿkʰ k kʰ ⁿk | ⁿg | q qʰ ⁿq ⁿqʰ | ⁿɢ | ʔ | |||||||||||||||
Sibilant affricate | tsʰ ts ⁿts ⁿtsʰ | ⁿdz | tɕ ⁿtɕʰ tɕʰ ⁿtɕ | ⁿdʑ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Non-sibilant affricate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibilant fricative | s | z | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ˀʑ ʑ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Non-sibilant fricative | f | v | x | χ | ʁ | h | ||||||||||||||||||||
Approximant | l ˀl ɹ | j ˀj | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Flap or tap | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Trill | r | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral affricate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral fricative | ɬ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral approximant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lateral flap | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Implosive |
⁵ | short from-high tone |
w | voiced labio-velar approximant consonant |
³¹ | falling from-mid to-low tone |
² | short from-mid-low tone |
²⁴ | rising from-mid-low to-mid-high tone |
⁵⁵ | flat from-high to-high tone |
³³ | flat from-mid to-mid tone |
ai | from unrounded open front to unrounded close front diphthong |
ei | from unrounded close-mid front to unrounded close front diphthong |
ˀw | pre-glottalized voiced labio-velar approximant consonant |
eu | from unrounded close-mid front to rounded close back diphthong |
əu | from unrounded mid central to rounded close back diphthong |
au | from unrounded open front to rounded close back diphthong |
⁴⁴ | flat from-mid-high to-mid-high tone |
ɥ | voiced labio-palatal approximant consonant |